A rough Man essays

An unpleasant Man papers Unpleasant, energetic, hot-tempered and rich is the thing that Mark Twain grew up to be. Brought into the world 1835 in Missouri, Florida he generally did what he expected to with the goal for him to arrive at his objective. Despite the fact that he dropped out of school at twelve years old, when his dad passed on, he achieved various things. Imprint started composing when he accepted the position of a writer. The story 'The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County' was his first achievement. After an excursion by vessel to Palestine, he composed The Innocents Abroad. As his composing vocation bloomed, he additionally got fruitful as an instructor. In 1870 got hitched, and a couple of years after the fact he and his significant other settled in Hartford, Connecticut. Huckleberry Finn is Twain's perfect work of art, for its utilization of the splendid character and depictions, demonstrating the silliness of man's brutality to man. He likewise composed The Gilded Age, 1873, Old Times on the Mississippi, 1875, The Prince and the Pauper, 1882, Life on the Mississippi, 1883, Pudd'n-head Wilson, 1894, and Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc, 1896. His later works, for example, The Mysterious Stranger, unpublished until 1916, are not as diverting and all the more demoralizing. He is known as one of America's best and most trademark essayists. 1872 is the year when Roughing It was composed. This book was only an individual story and not a history to hotshot, nor an insightful discourse. It's a record of quite a while of energizing movement, and it's aim to help the peruser as opposed to hurt him with truth, or fill him with science. In this book there is loads of data about scenes that occurred in the Wild West. There is stories in this book have never been told and just been found in the essayists own eyes. There is a lot of data in this book and the essayist himself says this book can not be helped, however Twain was never precisely stressed over giving his books a creative system. The data that he composed came out of him normally. He wanted to wr... <!

Imapct of Androids and Smart Phones on the Apple I Phone Market Essay

Imapct of Androids and Smart Phones on the Apple I Phone Market - Essay Example The paper will examine both the positive and negative effects in regard of the point. Appropriate inquired about material from the web will be utilized to finish this paper to fulfillment. This conversation focuses on that for a very long time apple has been overwhelming the PDA showcase. This is a direct result of the quality and reasonable costs that they offer. Apple has a brand of telephones that is mainstream. The iPhone is a clever telephone. Each telephone that has been created, in this classification of iPhone has not neglected to dazzle. The highlights of this telephone make it nobody of the advanced cell classification. After androids and other advanced cells were brought into the market, there has been radical change in inclination with regards to PDAs. This is on the grounds that a portion of the android worked telephones are less expensive and offer a wide scope of capacities. Moreover, android takes into account establishment of a greater number of projects than the iPhone. The well known telephones from iPhone incorporate, iphone3g, 3gs and the iPhone 4, 4s. Any cell systems bolster every one of these telephones. You can't put a number to the sorts of an droid and advanced mobile phones out there. This is on the grounds that Android is a working framework having a place with the Linux family and can be utilized on most telephones. Other advanced mobile phones can utilize various stages like Symbian and windows. Along these lines, increasingly PDAs can be offered in the market at a sensible cost. This has affected the iPhone showcase from multiple points of view. ... You can't put a number to the kinds of android and advanced mobile phones out there. This is on the grounds that Android is a working framework having a place with the Linux family and can be utilized on most telephones. Other advanced cells can utilize various stages like Symbian and windows. Along these lines, progressively PDAs can be offered in the market at a sensible value (Moulton 2013). This has affected the iPhone advertise from numerous points of view. The iPhone showcase has gone down definitely. A portion of these effects are influencing the IPhone showcase decidedly and others are adversely. 4.2 Literature Review When it comes to advanced mobile phones, such huge numbers of audits and articles have been expounded on the effect that new sorts and android telephones have brought to the PDA advertise. Discusses how these telephones have unstuck monsters in the market are everywhere throughout the market. Some will discuss the negative impacts that these telephones have brou ght to the market while others will discuss the positives that they have brought to the market. Advanced cells are exclusively answerable for 55% of deals from every single cell phone. Out of all deals of advanced cells, android takes 82%, windows 3.6% (Mcglaun 2013). Despite the fact that the iPhone is attempting, it can't be contrasted and android. This is one of the negative effects, which androids and different Smartphones have on the iPhone. iPhone is making a rebound with the iPhone 5c and 5cs (Mcglaun 2013). This is a positive effect that androids and Smartphones have on iPhone in light of the fact that the opposition is drawing out the best in iPhone. 5.1 Methodology The technique that has been utilized to inquire about this paper is deductive thinking. This is the place a few inquiries are defined to provide guidance on the best way to compose the paper. These inquiries are replied by

Understanding the Scarcity Principle in Marketing

Understanding the Scarcity Principle in Marketing If you have ever sat in an introductory economics class at some point in your life, you might be well aware of one key lesson on the law of supply and demand.It can be roughly simplified down to this; the more scarce a resource is, the more people are willing to give up in order to acquire it and the more common a resource it the less people will be willing to give up to acquire it.Land, an important factor of production will fetch much more money if the piece is located at the centre of the city than land in the countryside.But you would most definitely not go out of your way to pay double for a Starbucks coffee on an ordinary afternoon because you can easily get a similar coffee at any of the several Starbucks within your city, unless of course it’s one of those Christmas holiday Frappuccino specials.When massive diamond deposits were discovered in South Africa in the late 19th Century, British businessmen operating the mines, realising the imminent flooding of the market with di amonds devised one of the most successful marketing campaigns of all times.De Beers Consolidated Mines Ltd. (now De Beers) was formed and over the decades leading to the campaign in the late 1930s, monopolised the global production and distribution of the semi-precious gem perpetuating the illusion of scarcity of diamonds.The ‘A Diamond is Forever’ campaign created an emotional association with the gem â€" a symbol of love, commitment and marriage.Ever since the demand for diamond engagement rings has been steady despite their relatively low resale value, fuelled by the enduring deception of scarcity.The number of diamonds in circulation in the world market at any given time is carefully controlled by a few companies.This is arguably one of the perfect examples of the scarcity principle at play.WHAT IS THE SCARCITY PRINCIPLE? The scarcity principle is an economic theory where a limited supply of a product combined with a high demand for that product causes a disparity in the des ired equilibrium between supply and demand.A market is in equilibrium if the quantity supplied is equal to the quantity demanded at the equilibrium price or what is called the market clearing price (determined primarily by the interplay between demand and supply creating in theory a mutually agreeable price between buyers and sellers).At this point there are neither shortages nor surpluses for a service or good.However, an equilibrium market is largely hypothetical.According to economist John Maynard Keynes, markets are most often in some form of disequilibrium due to mismatched levels of supply and demand.A number of internal and/or external factors can cause the market to fall out of balance such as sticky prices by sellers, long-term structural discrepancies or government interventions.Looking at the graph for the sugar market above, price Pe (equilibrium price) is the single price that incentivizes suppliers to engage in exchange representing a balance between supply and demand for sugar.If the price increases to P2, traders will be willing to supply more sugar but consumers may reduce the amount of sugar they consume due to the higher cost of purchase involved.There will be a surplus (Q2-Q1) existing in the market due to higher amount of sugar supplied causing a market disequilibrium.Economic theory suggests that in a free market the prices of sugar will eventually fall to Pe since suppliers will be forced to reduce the price to avoid the risk of spoiling the product in storage.But if the price in the market was P1, consumers would be willing to purchase more sugar (Q2) at the reduced price.However, since the price is below the equilibrium price, traders will only provide a smaller amount of sugar given that low price might not be able to cover their production costs.A shortage is created since demand exceeds the quantity supplied resulting in a market disequilibrium. In a free market the price is expected to increase to Pe, the equilibrium price forced b y scarcity.The scarcity principle suggests that the price of a scarce commodity will increase until an equilibrium is reached between supply and demand effectively limiting access to those only who can afford to pay for the commodity.In this scenario, however, unlike in the case of sugar above where the price reverts to Pe, it is possible that this could lead to an increase in equilibrium price and a reduction in equilibrium quantity. This means that with scarcity, there is an opportunity to make more by producing less.This principle suggests that humans will consider a scarce commodity to be more valuable as compared to one that is in abundance.It thus creates a sense of urgency and triggers consumers to act immediately before the commodity is no longer available.For example, when British Airways in 2003 announced the reduction of London-New York flights from twice daily to only one for the Concorde after it became unprofitable to run, sales took off the very next day.THE PSYCHOLOG Y OF SCARCITY MARKETINGIt can be argued that to some extent we generally want something that we cannot have and we absolutely love to flaunt when we have something that others don’t have.As a marketer, you can take advantage of this desire as a sales tactic to stimulate demand and sales through mystic and enticement.Rather than just stopping at communicating the value and benefits customers will get from buying your product or choosing your service, it is important to put across your unique proposition and make it clear what is at stake for them if they do not consider your proposal.Faced with scarcity, customers conduct their own cost-benefit analysis and as a marketer, you will only be successful if they find that the utility derived from purchasing the product or service at the given moment is greater than what they would get if they purchased the same product at a later date, probably even at a cheaper price.The consumer must be able to see the benefit of obtaining the product is higher than the cost incurred for obtaining it.In a 1975 study published by the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, researchers Worchel Stephen, Lee Jerry  and Adewole Akanbi wanted to know how undergraduate students would value the same cookies in two identical jars if different quantities were put in them.The students valued the one in the near-empty jar more highly than the ones in the full jar despite the cookies and the jars being identical.Given hypothetical explanations for the abundance or scarcity of the cookies in the jars, students viewed those that changed from abundant to scarce as more valuable than those that were constantly scarce.Cookies that were scarce because of high demand were rated to be more valuable than those that were scarce because of an accident.Those that were constantly abundant were rated much higher than those that started scarce but later became abundant.It goes to show that scarcity, especially that resulting from high demand rather t han low production, may signal some superior characteristic about the product.The consumer thinks that other people must know something about the product that he/she does not.There are two psychology principles associated with this phenomenon.Social proof â€" the assumption that surrounding people have more knowledge about the situation than oneself and as such a fast-selling commodity is seen by the consumer as having great quality.Commitment â€" when someone has already committed themselves to purchase a product or service and find out there is a huge chance of not having it, it makes them want it more.The rush to purchase a scarce object is a manifestation of Psychologist Daniel Kahneman’s Loss Aversion Theory based on research that suggests the pain of losing something is psychologically almost about as twice as powerful as the pleasure of gaining the same thing.This is tied up with Sigmund Freud’s Pleasure Principle â€" people’s instinctive tendency of seeking pleasure an d avoiding pain for biological and psychological gains.SUCCESSFUL UTILISATION OF THE SCARCITY PRINCIPLESo how has this principle been deployed by brands over the years?To illustrate how effective incorporating the scarcity principle in marketing your product or service, we take a look at some of the most successful deployments of scarcity in marketing.Snapchat SpectaclesIn September 2016, the social media app’s parent company Snap Inc., launched Snapchat Spectacles â€" sunglasses that could record 10-second videos from the perspective of the wearer.Instead of typically distributing them via their online shop or at stores, Snap Inc. unveiled the new product at Snapbots â€" smiley Snapchat-themed vending machines that were randomly placed in cities across the US.This was without prior announcement of the launch generating huge interest online as bloggers and social media influencers kept talking about the unique strategy.The device was only available on the single day the Snapbot wa s in your city, attracting huge queues of people trying to beat each other before the machine ran out.MediaKix projects that by 2020, Snapchat Spectacles will achieve $5 Billion in salesPappy Van WinkleRegarded as one of the finest bourbons in the world, Pappy Van Winkle is the dream for the whiskey connoisseur.With only 7000 cases produced in a year, whiskey lovers have to part with hundreds of dollars a bottle from the few liquor stores that might be lucky to have purchased a few from the very limited number of suppliers.Due to its high demand, bourbon aficionados  are known to show up in droves for the small chance of buying one in a lottery or auction.NintendoWhen Japan-based video game company, Nintendo launched the Wii gaming console back in 2006 it was a smashing success, save for the fact that for the next three years the company seemed never able to stock enough units for the US market.This was a deliberate move to artificially create intense demand by starting off with a l ow production number ensuring customers would be clamouring to buy a Wii right off the bat.Wii sold more units in the US than the  Xbox 360  and  PlayStation 3  combined in the first half of 2007 and became the fastest selling console in Australian history and in the United Kingdom at the time.StarbucksJumping on the 2017 trend of highly Instragrammable unicorn-themed, rainbow-hued food and beverages, Starbucks introduced a pinkish-purple-and-blue coffee-free fruity drink called the ‘Unicorn Frappuccino’ stating it would be available for a few days.Starbucks was flooded with orders with the drink selling out on the first day with over 160,000 #UnicornFrappuccino posts on Instagram.Another successful scarcity marketing campaign executed by Starbucks was the serving of coffee in reusable #RedCups for one day only during the December holiday season which also ran out first angering customers who were forced to drive around to find a store that still had them in stock.Users would ge t $0.5 off every purchase with the cup available for $2 from the day after.SCARCITY TECHNIQUESAs we have observed in the above examples, the principle can typically be used in two broad ways;Limited number: The item is in short supply and once it runs out it will not be available.Limited time (deadline): The item or service is only available only during the stated period only.Limited-Number TechniquesOut of StockA classic example of the social proof psychological principle, if a product runs out of stock frequently, customers think that it is popular among the general population and must therefore be of good quality.For example, British shirtmaker T.M. Lewin online store indicates the design, size and cut of the shirts that are currently out of stock.A customer is then encouraged to leave their email address to be informed when they restock.Only ‘X’ LeftAs in the cookie jar experiment where a reduction in the cookies led to a higher rating of perceived quality, when you visit ap plications or websites involving booking of hotels, movies and events, you might have noticed a disclaimer that there are only a limited number of spaces remaining.This pushes the consumers to make an immediate purchase.You may have an experience of missing out on a hotel or flight because you waited a few days to book.Booking.com for example heightens the urgency of making an immediate booking by displaying people simultaneously viewing the same hotel with you and the number of times it has been booked in the last hour.Invite-OnlySpotify’s entry into the US Market after a huge popularity in Europe came as an opportunity to increase their paid membership by limiting entry to the free service to invite-only.You have to choose either between waiting for an invite or paying for unlimited or premium service.Smartphone brand OnePlus used a similar strategy to add hype and mystique during launch and to manage demand, selling nearly a million phones from over 25 million invites to their website in the first year without opening a single store.This technique appeals to our innate attraction to exclusivity and the Fear of Missing Out (FOMO) best illustrated in Steve Whyley’s social experiment with the 11K Club â€" a mysterious club with only 11,000 slots and one exceptional benefit which you’d only know by joining.For Limited UsersSimilar to the invite-only tactic, marketers can sometimes introduce special offers for certain users only. This creates a sense of longing for those missing out and superiority for that special category of users.This will typically occur in services with a tier of users such as football club or cinema membership where tickets can be availed first to the top ranked members cascading to the lowest and general public.For technology products, paid-up users may take advantage of discounts or pre-releases, while free users have to upgrade to enjoy the same.Limited Edition As we have seen with some of the examples above, limited stock doesn†™t necessarily have to be a product of high demand, it can be a deliberate sales strategy.Remember when Adidas debuted Kanye West’s Yeezy Boost 350 in 2015?They were completely sold out within minutes of being available for purchase online.The air of exclusivity attributed to limited edition articles such as watches, leather bags etc. taps into our inherent desire to stand out and acquire status symbols that others don’t have.Deadline (Limited-Time) TechniquesFlash SalesA flash sale is a discount or a type of promotion where the cost of purchase is greatly reduced than run-of-the-mill discounts, lasting for only a short period of time.The quantity may be limited as in end of year sales which coupled up with the very low prices triggers the urgency of making an immediate purchase or more accurately, impulse buying.Even when the product may be available at a later date with little difference in price, the term ‘flash sale’ emblazoned on storefronts or at the landing page of th e online store triggers similar urgency.Purchase CountdownsA retailer can define the scarcity parameters on an e-commerce website by putting a timer or countdown.The customer is now well aware of how much time is left for them to make a decision and with it comes urgency.On eBay, for instance, a countdown timer is used to ignite last-minute bidding wars amongst prospective buyers effective driving up the price tag of a scarce item.A majority of websites have a checkout timer to encourage the user to make a purchase as soon as their basket is full rather than later.Sale Price CountdownA countdown timer can also be deployed to emphasize the amount of time left before a product is no longer available at the discounted price.TigerDirect.com, for example, place a massive countdown timer in addition to their daily sales to trigger a FOMO for the deal of the day which would appear to not be available any time soon after the expiry.Limited Time Shipping When Girlfriend Collective launched i ts website in 2016, the brand offered its social media followers a free $100 pair of leggings for the cost of shipping for a limited time and sharing the link to its website on Facebook to spread the word.They effectively utilised word-of-mouth to drive traffic to the website.A countdown can also be leveraged in the context of free or next-day shipping as normally used on Amazon to notify the customer the exact time remaining for the seller to guarantee timely shipping spurring the customer to make a purchase.Seasonal SpecialsThe holidays seasons don’t last forever and as such when customers see holiday/seasonal offers they do see scarcity which drives sales.Some retailers such as Modcloth create special designs available only during the specific holiday such as Christmas sweaters, Starbucks sells pumpkin spice flavoured drinks only in the fall and for a premium too!CAUTION: WHAT TO CONSIDERInvoking the Scarcity Principle to sell or promote a promote a product or service can be a very effective persuasion strategy, but it can also backfire horribly as it did for two iOS productivity apps Tempo and Mailbox that released their services to a small group of users similar to Facebook’s fashion but kept others waiting indefinitely.If you overuse scarcity, it will be a matter of time before your customers catch on after realising you are ‘running out of stock’ every week or hosting flash sales every too often.Remember what the findings of the cookie jar experiment taught us; a product that is scarce because of high demand and not accident or what we could call artificial sales is rated higher in terms of perceived quality.This is as compared to items that are consistently scarce from the beginning or those that started off scarce and now are abundant with the latter actually decreasing its perceived value.In a study published on the Social Behaviour and Personality Journal, researchers found that when consumers interpreted scarcity claims as a sales tactic, i t’s positive on consumer purchase decision are diluted.In line with the cookie jar experiment, Aggarwal, Jun and Huh in a 2013 article on the Journal of Advertising observed that limited-quantity messages are more effective than limited-time messages in influencing consumers purchase intentions.It is important to note that scarcity alone will not net you your desired sales levels alone, it has to be used in combination with other factors including a great, well-differentiated product design and a proper market assessment.One important consideration is the knowledge you have about your target audience.Can they get by with alternatives?If this is a possibility, what unique feature does your product or service have?Would your customers be motivated by scarcity or could they resent it?WRAPPING UPAccording to the scarcity people, people will ascribe greater value to an item that is in short supply and lesser value to an item that is in abundant supply.As a marketer, you can take advant age of the scarcity principle to drive the sales of your products by creating artificial scarcity.When doing this, however, it is important to make your artificial scarcity seem authentic, else customers will see through your games and perceive your products as less valuable.

Analysis Of Ragged Dick - 1720 Words

Success is something everyone strives for in life, and the basis of what is needed to gain it has been relatively the same since the 1860s. The means needed to acquire what is needed for success although, were not quite as easy as they are in comparison to today. In 1867, there was a young boy, around 12 years old, named Ragged Dick. He was an orphan who stole and slept in the streets, and also a bootblack, which is someone who shines shoes for a living. In the book Ragged Dick, the author explained, â€Å"He would not steal, or cheat, or impose on younger boys, but was frank and straight-forward, manly and self-reliant.† Though he had a rugged upbringing, he had the means for being a successful man. He met a boy named Frank who had come from†¦show more content†¦It opened doors for them that nothing else could, making their overall lives easier. The reconstruction era gained its name after Abraham Lincoln tried to reconstruct the south after the war. There were man y difficulties in the way to fulfil his goal though, such as the issue with insects invading their food and living spaces. Cass G. Barns wrote about this in The Sod House, Grasshoppers was written in 1875 and said, â€Å"This year we had another very dry season resulting in light crops on which the grasshoppers came down by multiplied millions.† Not only was their crop season dry, resulting in few crops, but the grasshoppers ate whatever survived the drought. This left no crops for the southerners to eat, making their living extremely hard with little food to live off of. This was not the only type of insect that made their lives harder, they also faced blood eating insects. Barns also wrote â€Å"Bugs†, which also appeared in The Sod House, she wrote that, â€Å"In moving into all kinds of houses we find all kinds of insects that prey upon human blood.† The southerners moved in search of better crops but only ran into more insects. These bugs made their houses no longer safe to live in but they had no other options. They killed hundreds but there were always more that came to feed off of them, only contributing to the daily difficulties after the war. To add to theShow MoreRelatedA Letter Of Termination And On The Birth Announcement Of A Child1327 Words   |  6 Pagesinfluence on design today. There are few basic principles of Swiss design; asymmetrical organization of units on a mathematical grid, freedom from exaggerated claims of propaganda or advertising, and a use of sans-serif typography set in a flush left and ragged right margin configuration (Meggs 372.) Designers of the time believed that sans-serif typefaces were an expression of a progressive age and mathematical grids led to harmonious and clear design, achieving clarity and order was the goal. 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Later I will return to these issues and will demonstrate how they contribute to the routinization of Rastafari in Jamaica. The nature of this book dictates a heavy reliance on documentary analysis. My focus is interpretation not ethnography. Therefore, I have not sought to generate primary data on the movement but to analyze and re-analyze the growing body of scholarly and popular literature on the movement, including sociological and anthropological

Gender Roles During The Middle East - 2731 Words

What do you think of when you hear gender roles? You probably think of men and women having the same opportunities. Or you think of how there isn’t gender equality in most places in the world. Most people are against others saying that males and females should have gender roles, or that one thing should be identified into a gender role. There are very different norms in different societies around the world. Not all are agreed with, but some are completely supported. Gender roles have changed throughout evolution. Gender roles can even be created from humans portraying something a certain way. Life for those who have their life controlled by one human struggle with gender roles and how they should be. But how did gender roles even become a topic? How are gender roles for people who have almost no rights? The Middle East has different tendencies than in other places in the world, due to the fact of the religion they practice and the way they live. Islam is the second most popula r religion in the world. There were about 1.6 billion Muslims in the world in 2010, according to Pew Research. Muslims constituted about 23% of all people on Earth. The religion is currently in a period of rapid growth, and is expected to reach 2.8 billion by 2050, when the number of Muslims will probably approximately equal the number of Christians in the world. Estimates of the number of Muslim adults in the U.S. have ranged from 1 to 7 million. The former estimate is based on public opinion pollsShow MoreRelatedWomen And The Middle East And North Africa1148 Words   |  5 PagesThe diversities within North Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia (cultural, religious, political, etc.) play a crucial part in the status of women and the key features of gender roles in these particular geographic regions. The Middle East and North Africa share commonalities through Arabic and Islamic culture. 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East of Eden Biblical Allusions Free Essays

Parker Hoshizaki Tully English 2 (H) 10; 1 10/5/2003 Cain and Abel: The Symbolic Trio of Pairs â€Å"Why are you so angry? Why is your face downcast? If you do what is right, will you not be accepted? † so flows verse 7, genesis 4. In John Steinbecks novel, East of Eden several allusions are made to the biblical story of Cain and Abel, the most significant of which revolves around the idea of â€Å"timshel:† which is embodied within this quotation. Repeated through the two generations the novel spans are three examples of this, patterned first by Charles and his brother Adam, then through Adam and his troubled wife Cathy, and finally through the aforementioned couples offspring Aron and the controversial character Caleb (Cal). We will write a custom essay sample on East of Eden Biblical Allusions or any similar topic only for you Order Now The vicious cycle of Cain against Abel, Brother against Brother, in the Trask family destroys these generations and yet a glimmer of hope remains through the idea of â€Å"Timshel†. Moving chronologically, Adam and Charles are the first Cain and Abel pairing in the novel. Logically, they show the closest parallelism to the original story; this parallelism can be drawn down to three main events in the storyline. The first of these events is the acceptance and denial, respectively, of gifts presented by Adam and Charles to their father, the god figure in their version of the story. This event is followed by the attempted murder of Adam by his own brother Charles, as a direct result of the previous incident. The third event is much later in the story, as Charles is trying to move a large boulder with a crowbar he slips and cuts his forehead, an injury that will leave a large scar symbolic of the mark the Lord put upon Cain after Abels murder. The second pairing in the symbolic Cain and Abel trio is that of Cathy and Adam. Cathy and Adam are an unusual Cain and Able pairing in East of Eden but are important nonetheless. The pairing of Cathy and Adam does not express its symbolisms through key events like the other two do; instead they are expressed more through their personalities then their actions. Cathy symbolizes all the most evil parts of the biblical Cain, all the evil and malice that he possessed is expressed through Cathys malicious personality. Meanwhile the innocent and happily-in-love Adam is symbolic of the purity and contentment of the Abel; that is, up until the climactic shooting of Adam by Cathy marking the end of this Cain and Abel pairing. Before introducing the third pairing there is an important character that must be analyzed. Known simply as Lee, Adams highly educated Chinese manservant is a key character in the symbolic Cain and Able cycle. After being assaulted by his wife, Adam is bedridden and empty; at this point Lee begins to act as a caretaker for his employer, looking after him and caring for his twin sons Cal and Aron. Thus it is fitting that Lee should be the one to counsel Cal in his most vulnerable moment, and plant the seed of hope in his mind. In respect to the novel, Lee serves primarily as a physical embodiment of the idea of individual ability and freedom, he preaches this to Cal through the idea of â€Å"Timshel†, a Hebrew word meaning â€Å"thou mayest†. Lee believes that Cal is not inherently evil, is not destined to follow the same path as his ancestors, and has a choice as to how he will lead his life. The third Cain and Abel pairing and perhaps the most important one is, ironically, that of Adams twin boys, Caleb and Aron. The biblical symbolism of Cal and Arons generation is simultaneously the most unusual and the most significant to the novel. With this third example returns three symbols of the original story. First is the two gifts, and once again the symbolic Abels gift is accepted while the symbolic Cains is denied, a repetition of Adams fathers favoritism. Following this event Caleb is so enraged he tells the emotionally fragile Aron of their mothers’ true identity, a whore employed in a brothel. So emotionally affected by this is Aron that he runs away and joins the army the following day. Aron is later killed in the war thus fulfilling the second symbolic Cain and Abel event. The final and most significant event in the novel is the next step in the Cain and Abel story, the marking of Cain. Cal is horribly disturbed by what he has caused his brother to do, and he is convinced that he has inherited his mothers’ evil blood and is destined for a life of evil. However through the timely and wise council of Lee, he is made to ask his father, his god, for a blessing. To which Adam responds with a single word, Timshel, symbolically breaking the families’ vicious cycle of Cain and Abel pairings. If you do not do what is right, sin is crouched at your door; it desires to have you, but you must master it. † (Genesis 4, Verse 7). Thus ends the cruel cycle of blood and malcontent that plagued the Trask family. Armed with the belief of Timshel given to Cal by Lee one may see that there is hope for the final Cain character in the book, that he may not be bound by blood and by history to be evil and that he may gain the freedom to blaze his own path i nto a future unmarred by his past. How to cite East of Eden Biblical Allusions, Papers

Negotiation in Construction Industry Disputes UAE Situation

Introduction This chapter presents the background of the study, statement of the problem, objectives of the study and research questions. It also presents the significance of the study, limitations and conceptual framework of the study.Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on Negotiation in Construction Industry Disputes: UAE Situation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Background of the study An overview of the construction industry In a global context, construction industry constitutes one of the largest sectors of any given economy. Within European Union, construction industry accounts for over 7 percent of the total employment among the industrial employers (European Union 2001). The industry is arguably the largest employer among industrial employers in Europe. In the year 1999, the industry accounted for over 10 percent of European Union’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). This phenomenon is not isolated to the European Union. The construction industry constituted over 9 percent of the United States of America’s GDP in the year 2004 (Building Futures Commission (BFC) 2005). BFC estimated the value of construction work within 2004 at over $1 trillion (BFC 2005). The United Arab Emirates (UAE) construction industry is a robust industry that competes favourably with the construction industry in different geographical entities. UAE’s construction industry valued at over $700 billion in 2010, accounts for a fifth of the construction industry in the Arab world (Malty Dillon 2007; RNCOS 2011; Gulf News 2011).It is also the second largest contributor to UAE’s GDP (Gulf News 2011) Despite the relatively positive outlook on the construction industry, disputes have the potential to derail any gains made in the industry. According to the American Bar Association (ABA) (n.d), litigation expenditure in the US construction industry amounts to over $5 billion annually. This expen diture has been growing at the rate of 10 percent on a yearly basis (ABA n.d). The construction industry in the UAE has also seen an increase in the construction disputes. The growing demand for lawyers versed with construction disputes attests to the increasing construction disputes within UAE (Arabian Business 2011).Advertising Looking for dissertation on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Causes of disputes within UAE construction industry There are several causes of disputes within UAE’s construction industry. These are classified into three broad categories. The three categories include economic factors, legal factors and the human factors. Economic factors as a cause of disputes within construction industry can be analysed within the context of the wider global economic crisis. Recent economic crisis resulted in cash strapped developers (Haddad 2009). The developers had limited cash liquidity to settle their debts from lenders and to pay their contractors, sub contractors and employees resulting into disputes. Human factors can be understood from the three dimensions; disputes attributed to contractor, disputes attributed to clients and finally disputes attributed to the designer (Motsa 2006). These are construction disputes that can be directly associated with a given party’s failure to accomplish its part of the agreement. Such failure may be for example inadequate design drawings by the designer amongst other factors. Disputes attributed to the legal factors often occur due to inadequate understanding or compliance with set legal provisions. The disputes may also occur because of abuse of powers or provisions of the construction laws. Sometimes the disputes may occur due to loopholes inherent in the construction laws utilized. In the context of legal factors as a cause of construction disputes, Mansoor (2010) identifies several provisions within the FIDIC construc tion contracts that often lead to disputes. He stated the Engineer’s powers to suspend construction works or recover lost time and an employer’s right to subcontract to third parties some of the construction works as some of the causes of disputes. Other legal provisions with potential of generating disputes include the ‘pay if paid’ legal provisions and the assignment of the engineer’s role amongst other legal provisions. For the purposes of illustrating how legal provisions can degenerate into disputes, we will use the ‘pay if paid’ legal provision. The ‘back to back’ and ‘pay if paid’ payment provisions in the construction contracts are a major cause of construction disputes in UAE.Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on Negotiation in Construction Industry Disputes: UAE Situation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These legal provisions a llow the subcontractor to receive payment for work done when the main contractor is paid money corresponding to that piece of work (Bin Shabib Associate 2009). In this context, subcontractors can lose their money when the main contractor fails to be paid for any given reason. Traditional ways of dispute resolution Traditional ways of dispute resolution involves arbitration, adjudication and litigation methods. Arbitration uses experts with an appreciation of a dispute’s technical, legal perspective and technological perspectives to act as arbitrators. There are several advantages associated with arbitration method of dispute resolution. In the arbitration method, any evidence that is relevant to the dispute is admitted. This contrasts sharply with the litigation method where there are formal rules to be applied for the evidence to be accepted. Arbitration decisions are often not available for public records. This preserves the confidentiality of the nature of dispute and the disputing parties. This often avoids the stigma associated with negative litigation records that may be available to the public. Arbitration also use specialists in the given dispute matters and as such root problems of the dispute are often addressed. There are numerous disadvantages associated with the arbitration method of dispute resolution. Arbitration decisions often have to be ratified by the courts in order to be effective. Sometimes, lack of rigour associated by with litigation in admissibility of evidence and the rules of procedures may weaken arbitration decisions. Litigation method is method that involves the use of courts to settle the disputes. Litigation is often used when all the other methods of dispute resolution have failed. There are several advantages associated with the litigation methods. The major advantage of the litigation method is the ease of enforcement of the decisions.Advertising Looking for dissertation on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Litigation often uses formal rules in terms of evidence admissibility as well as procedural matters that are known or easily accessible to everybody. On the other hand, there are some disadvantages in the litigation method. The method is often costly because disputing parties have to hire advocates. Litigation method also takes a lot of time to resolve disputes which often drive the costs up. The other major disadvantage of litigation is the destruction of the commercial relationship. Negotiation as a means of dispute resolution In the context of the challenges associated with arbitration and litigation methods, Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) is emerging as a popular dispute resolution mechanism. In particular, negotiation is increasingly becoming a preferred mode of settling construction related disputes in UAE (Al-Tamimi Company 2011). Negotiation falls within Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) dispute resolution mechanism. The other dispute resolution mechanism that form s ADR is the mediation mode of resolving disputes amongst other forms. Negotiation as a means of dispute resolution involves the disputing parties agreeing on an amicable solution to their problem. It often works best in instances where there is a provision of the same in the construction contract or where the conflicting parties mutually settle on negotiation process. Some of the construction issues that can be negotiated include project completion dates, arbitration dates and special work item compensation amongst other issues (Fleming 2003). There are several advantages and disadvantages associated with negotiation as a mode of dispute resolution. This mode of dispute resolution offers a low cost mechanism of solving disputes. It also saves on time as the parties dictate their own timelines. However, negotiation is not an ideal dispute resolution mechanism in instances where there are technical legal provisions that have to be interpreted (Al-Tamimi Company 2011). It may also be difficult to enforce decisions arrived through negotiation unlike in the litigation mode of conflict resolution (Bin Shabib Associate 2009). This is primarily because compliance on the arrived decisions depends on the goodwill of the parties involved. Poor negotiation and skills adopted by one of the parties may lead to a stalemate. This may occur when one party is too demanding and the other party cannot compromise to the desired level. In this context, negotiation may not be an ideal dispute resolution mechanism. Statement of the problem ADR as a means of disputes resolution mechanism in the construction industry has been studied from a global perspective. In the context of UAE’s construction industry, there are several studies on ADR as a means of dispute resolution mechanism. However, there is a shortage of studies exhaustively focusing on the negotiation as a means of dispute resolution mechanism within UAE’s construction industry. This paper seeks to address th is gap. Objectives of the study The objectives of the study are divided into two broad categories; general objectives and specific objectives. Specific objectives are a subset of the broader general objectives. General Objective The main objective of the study is to examine negotiation methods within the context of UAE’s construction industry. Specific Objectives The study has four objectives as highlighted below. To examine the constituents of successful negotiations in UAE’s construction industry disputes. To examine the different types of negotiations in UAE’s construction industry disputes To examine the historical context of the various negotiations used in UAE’s construction industry disputes. To examine how negotiations affect contractor-employee and contractor-employer relationships. Research questions What are the constituents of successful negotiations in UAE’s construction industry disputes? What are the different types of negotiation methods used in UAE’s construction industry disputes? What is the historical context of the various negotiation methods used in UAE’s construction industry? How do negotiations affect the contractor-employee and contractor-employer relationships in UAE’s construction industry? Significance of the study This study will be useful to a number of people including but not limited to construction employees, clients, contractors and researchers. The research will be beneficial to this diverse group of people in several ways. Employees Disputes between the employer and contractor or even directly between the contractor and the employees may affect the welfare of the employees in several ways. The employees may lose their wages and benefits or there may be a delay in the processing of the same. Such scenarios are not desirable. Successful resolution of such disputes is of utmost importance to the employees. This research will educate the employees on the various negoti ation options available to the clients whenever disputes arise. Clients Clients may get into various disputes with the contractor on either finished work or work-in-progress. Negotiation forms a critical way of solving those disputes whenever they arise. This research will provide adequate negotiation types and methods within the context of UAE’s construction industry. The research will thus provide educative materials on the several negotiation options that the client can utilize in dispute resolution. Contractors Construction disputes often have negative financial consequences on the contractors. Such consequences may include loss of revenue for work done or reputational damage leading to loss of business. Successful dispute resolution is thus of critical importance to the contractors. In this context, the paper will provide educative literature on the negotiation as means of dispute resolution. Such information will be useful in enumerating the various negotiation options available to the contractors embroiled in disputes. Researchers The study will expand the existing literature on the construction disputes resolution mechanisms. In particular, the study will provide literature on negotiation as a means of construction industry disputes resolution. In this context, the study will be useful to the researchers in several ways. The study will provide relevant literature for the researchers on dispute resolution mechanism in UAE. The study will provide suggestions for further studies in the conclusion part of this report. Such suggestions can provide future researchers on relevant topics for research. Limitations of the study The research intends to discuss negotiation as a means of dispute resolution mechanism within the context of UAE’s construction industry. The paper does not intend to cover in detail other means of dispute resolution within UAE’s construction industry. Several factors contributed into settling for the research proposa l. The researcher considered researching on the dispute resolution mechanism within UAE’s construction industry. However, the topic was too broad to be tackled in depth. Conceptual framework In the study of the set objectives of the study, the researcher used several approaches. Studying of the relevant literature on the subject provided much needed background on the study and material facts on dispute resolution methods. The study used questionnaires to collect data on several aspects. Such aspects included how negotiation affects contractor-employer and contractor-employee relationships among other issues. The collected data was then analysed and inferences deduced. References Al-Tamimi Company 2011, Construction Law. Available from: http://www.tamimi.com/files/Legal%20Brochures/ConstructionLaw.pdf. Arabian Business 2011, Demand soars for UAE construction dispute lawyers. Available from: http://www.arabianbusiness.com/demand-soars-for-uae-construction-dispute-lawyers-1488 3.html . BFC 2005, Measuring productivity and evaluating innovation in the US construction industry. Available from: http://www.thebfc.org/uploads/BFC_Productivity_whitepaper.pdf . Bin Shabib Associate 2009, United Arab Emirates. Available from: http://www.bsa.ae/pdf/GTDT%20UAE.pdf. European Union 200, Competitiveness of the construction industry. Available from: http://www.etn-presco.net/library/SustConst_EC-TaskGroup.pdf. Fleming, Q 2003, Project procurement management: contracting, subcontracting, teaming. Pennsylvania: FMC Press. Gulf News, 2011,  UAE tops Gulf construction market. Available from http://gulfnews.com/business/construction/uae-tops-gulf-construction-market-1.662171 Haddad, J 2009. Impact of the global financial crisis on the GCC’s construction Industry. Available from: http://precisionsarl.com/images/Articles/201104140621625.pdf. Mansoor, M 2010, The application of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) in the UAE construction industry.Available from web. sbe.hw.ac.uk/currentstudents/†¦/D†¦/Dissertation_final_-all.pdf Matly M, Dillon L 2007, Dubai strategy: Past, Present, Future Available from: http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/matly_paper1.pdf. Motsa, CD 2006, Managing Construction disputes. Available from: http://eprints.utm.my/1951/1/CalebDumisaMotsaMAD2006TTT.pdf. RNCOS 2011, UAE Construction Industry Outlook to 2012.Available from http://www.rncos.com/Market-Analysis-Reports/UAE-Construction-Industry-Outlook-to-2012-IM183.htm Weinberg, W 2010, Recent developments in arbitration law in UAE. Available from: http://www.wwhgd.com/news-article-71.html. This dissertation on Negotiation in Construction Industry Disputes: UAE Situation was written and submitted by user Santiago N. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.